劳动工资理论的误区及其矫正

劳动要素所得过低是导致我国收入分配差距过大的重要因素.所谓劳动力成本低廉的竞争优势,在很大程度上是挤压了劳动者合理的生存工资、生活条件和最基本的社会保障而形成的.这是新古典经济学市场竞争决定收入分配从而决定雇佣环境带来的后果,走出这一误区就需要在认识这些理论缺陷的同时补上遗漏的工资理论信息,为改变劳动报酬偏低的收入分配格局提供理论支撑和政策导向.     

中国收入初次分配结构及其国际比较

本文综合利用UNSD、BEA和NBS的国民核算资料,对中外初次分配格局进行比较研究,以揭示中国初次分配结构的内在特点及动态演进规律。研究发现,2004年前后中国国民经济初次分配结构发生显著变化。经数据可比性调整之后认为:以国际经验判断,中国初次分配中劳动份额偏低,政府介入初次分配的程度很高。中国初次分配结构中,劳动份额(sl)与人均实际GDP(y)呈反向变动关系。这既与要素收入份额具有时间稳定性之典型事实不符,更与大量研究中二者具有同向关系之经验结论大相径庭。根据国民经济sl形成机制进行因素分解,发现sl与y的长期反向关系主要由产业结构变化引起;而短期反向关系则揭示出我国经济增长以sl下降为代价,增长成果更多流向资本的发展模式。该模式源自资本掌握要素配置主导权,导致要素价格体系扭曲。这一局面如不扭转,必将危及我国可持续发展和国民福利提高。     

From Quality Circles to Self-Managed Work Teams: Are Employee Teams Legal in the United States?

This paper focuses on the legal status of employee teams, such as quality circles, that are commonly used within organizations in the United States. At present, the National Labor Relation Act (the Act), which governs labor–management relations, also has direct implications for the types of employee teams that can be legally implemented within organizations. This paper reviews the governing sections of the Act and analyzes how they apply to the use of employee teams. Suggestions for avoiding or dealing with illegally formed employee teams are offered.     

农民工权益保障法律主体有关问题研究——兼析《劳动合同法(草案)》相关规定

农民工权益保障法律关系的主体是特定主体,不是一般主体.其主体包括农民工、政府及部门和用人单位三方面.农民工为权利主体,政府及部门和用人单位是义务主体.《劳动合同法(草案)》对该法律主体问题有新的突破,这对构建和谐社会、解决"三农"问题、建设社会主义新农村都具有重要意义,但也还存在着需要反思的地方.     

工作特征、员工满意度与劳动争议处理行为

基于广州市15家民营企业372位员工的调查数据,本文对工作特征、员工满意度与劳动争议处理行为之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明,工资收入越高,每天工作时间越少,员工满意度越高;职位等级和工龄与员工满意度不存在显著关系。员工满意度对劳动争议处理中的建议行为有正向影响,对消极行为和对抗行为有负向影响;单个的工作特征因素对员工的劳动争议处理行为没有直接的决定作用。可见,员工满意度作为个体对所在企业的综合情感体现,能在日常职业情境与突发劳动争议之间架起一座联系的桥梁。     

Occupational Segregation by Race and Sex in Brazil, 1989-2001

Race and sex differentials in labor market outcomes in Brazil appear substantial, phenomena often tied to occupational segregation. This paper presents an array of Duncan indices of dissimilarity to investigate the magnitude and contours of occupational differentiation in Brazil, as well as changes in the recent past, constructed from Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD) microdata for 1989 and 2001. Findings include the facts that measurable occupational differentation by sex is over twice as high as that by race and that differentiation on both counts is highest among people 35 and older and outside the Northeastern region. Occupational differentiation by race appears comparable among women and men, but may be higher among women if accurately measured. Racial differentiation grows with education, while sexual segregation declines. Differentiation has declined modestly since 1989 in almost all categories except by race among younger people, men and the most educated.

基于网络组织的产业集群分析

产业集群的形成基础是分工协调形式由基本型演变为衍生型,进而再扩展为产业集群这一网络组织形式。就属性而言,嵌入性特点形成了其社会属性,这会影响甚至决定产业集群内各行为主体的经济行为。本文的研究为认识产业集群的本质特征以及指导产业集群发展具有重要的参考价值。     

自然开放度、政策导向开放度与劳动生产率提升——理论和基于中国省际面板数据的实证研究

本文以李嘉图模型为基础,分析了贸易开放对提升中国劳动生产率的效应。本文使用1994-2005年间中国省际面板数据,就贸易开放对提升中国劳动生产率水平所产生的效应进行了实证研究。本文得出两个重要的分析结果:第一,贸易开放可以通过比较优势来确定一国专业化产品的生产,如果一国的比较优势存在于干中学系数较大的部门,贸易开放将提高劳动生产率;但若一国的比较优势存在于干中学系数较小的部门,贸易开放将降低劳动生产率;第二,本文将贸易开放度分解为自然开放度和政策导向开放度,结果发现,当自然开放度较小时,政策导向开放度的增加将降低劳动生产率;当自然开放度较大时,政策开放度的增加将提高劳动生产率水平。     

Child labor and household wealth: Theory and empirical evidence of an inverted-U

Some studies on child labor have shown that, at the level of the household, greater land wealth leads to higher child labor, thereby casting doubt on the hypothesis that child labor is caused by poverty. This paper argues that the missing ingredient may be an explicit modeling of the labor market. We develop a simple model which suggests the possibility of an inverted-U relationship between land holdings and child labor. Using a unique data set that has child labor hours it is found that, controlling for child, household and village characteristics, the turning point beyond which more land leads to a decline in child labor occurs around 4 ac of land per household.     

Inter-provincial migration and inequality during Vietnam's transition

Vietnam's economic boom during the transition to a market economy has centered on very rapid growth in some sectors and provinces, yet poverty has diminished across the entire country. With capital investments highly concentrated by province and sector, geographic labor mobility may be critical in spreading the gains from growth. Conversely, rising income inequality may be attributable in part to impediments to migration. We first use census data to investigate migration patterns and determinants. We then examine the role of migration as an influence on income ratios between pairs of provinces. The former analysis robustly confirms economic motives for migration but also suggests the existence of poverty-related labor immobility at the provincial level. Examination of income ratios between pairs of provinces reveals that the impact of migration on inequality can be either negative or positive. A robust inequality-reducing impact of migration is found for migration flows into provinces where most of Vietnam's trade-oriented industrial investments are located.